ENGLAND: Stuart Monarchy and Civil War (1640-60) 302 #3

JAMES I  1603 - 1625: “Divine Right” monarch, opposes Parliamentary limits on his authority,
    author of The True Law of Free Monarchies: treatise defending idea of divine right of kings,
“free” from limits on their power  (especially power of taxation)

STUART TAXATION: Traditional feudal dues under James I

1) wardship and marriage royal control of estates of vassals dying with minor heirs
2) purveyance: King’s right to supply his household at less than market prices
3) customs duties: “tunnage and poundage” voted by Parliament at accession of new King,
4) sale of monopolies: royal grant of sole right to manufacture or sell specific item:
700 separate monopolies had been created by 1621; result is Parliamentary action
1624 Statue on Monopolies: Parliament limits royal right to grant monopolies
5) venality of office: “inflation of honors,” creation and sale of new offices and titles: "baronets"

CHARLES I  1625 - 1649: Conflicts with Parliament over:

1) TAXATION   tunnage & poundage no Parliamentary authority granted to Charles
forced loans: some gentry jailed for refusal to pay
1628 Petition of Right: King  must promise not to borrow money without Parliament's consent
as a result,  King rejects idea of Parliamentary approval of taxation
1629-1640: PERSONAL RULE: Charles suspends Parliament; tax expedients expanded
SHIP MONEY: wartime tax for support of Navy on coastal areas
1635 extended to inland towns; collected again 1638
1637 John Hampden: Puritan tax resister on trial; judges decide in support of King by narrow margin

2) RELIGION Anglican repression of Puritans (Presbyterian/Calvinists) under Archbishop Laud
1637 Anglicanism imposed on Presbyterian Scotland resulting in
1640 Scottish revolt = immediate cause of civil war, forces Charles to call Parliament for revenues
but Parliament supports Scottish rebels

1640 - 1660 LONG PARLIAMENT: CIVIL WAR between King and Parliament breaks out in 1642.
Issues: 1. Religious: Anglicans (state church) vs Puritans (Roundheads)
2. Parliament vs Royal Absolutism (Stuarts)
3. social & economic: lesser landlords, landed gentry, merchants, artisans (House of Commons)
vs King and great aristocrats (Cavaliers)

ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1640-1660 or "Puritan Revolution"

RELIGIOUS FACTIONS AFTER 1640: ANGLICANS: royalists, King as head of mandatory State Church

PRESBYTERIANS or PURITANS: goal is a State church on Scottish model (presbyters = elders)
       Social agenda: Calvinist style consistory (church court), “Christian discipline” = enforcement of morality

INDEPENDENTS: Congregational model -- voluntary Puritan style churches; no state church

RADICALS:  sectarian organization; “sect” versus “church”  [Christopher Hill, World Turned Upside Down]
      Fifth Monarchy Men:  apocalyptic, millenarian (millennium = reign of Christ after Second Comin)
     Levellers: egalitarian society; universal male suffrage
     Diggers: agrarian Christian communists;  division of land among agricultural workers
     Also: Ranters, Quakers, Shakers, Seekers…

1643 Battle of Marston Moor: royalist defeat by "Ironsides Regiment" of Oliver Cromwell
       "New Model Army" of Roundhead Puritans, led by Independent Cromwell       
1647 PUTNEY DEBATES: Cromwell presides issue is political representation in Puritan Republic
        Levellers: universal male suffrage versus Independents:  vote for property holders only

OLIVER CROMWELL: 1642 - 1646 rises in Parliamentary Army; regiment called IRONSIDES
    1646 King captured by Army; 1649 Charles I executed after
    1649 Pride's Purge:  Presbyterians (state church supporters) expelled from Parliament
only Independents remain = RUMP Parliament votes on execution of King
    1649 - 1660 PURITAN REPUBLIC under Cromwell'S leadership
 1653 – 1658 PROTECTORATE Cromwell dissolves Parliament, period of one-man rule
declares himself  LORD PROTECTOR; dies 1658

1660 RESTORATION OF STUART MONARCHY UNDER CHARLES II